定語從句（attributive clauses）
在句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句，因其修飾作用相當於形容詞，故稱形容詞性從句，即通常所說的定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導定語從句的有：
1）關係代詞： 先行詞為人：who, whom, that, whose
先行詞為物：which, that, whose
2）關係副詞：when, where, why
注意： 關係詞起三個作用：①連線先行詞和定於從句②替代先行詞③在從句中擔任成分 what不能引導定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞後，但有時也被乙個短語隔開。
例如：i was the only person in my office who was invited.
i. 關係代詞引導的定語從句
關係代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
定語從句的構成: 先行詞 + 關係詞 + 從句
人物 主格 who/ that which/ that
賓格 whom/ that/ who which/ that
定語 whose whose: …of which
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。關係代詞充當賓語可以省略。例如：
is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
he is the man (whom/ that) i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2）whose 用來指人或物，在定語從句中作定語，。 例如：
please pass me the book whose cover is red.（指物）
the lawyer whose name is wang jin lives in nanjing.（指人）
3）which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可做主語、賓語等。例如：
great changes which / that h**e never been seen before appears in the countryside.
（which / that在句中作主語）
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作賓語）
ii. 關係副詞引導的定語從句
關係副詞when, where, why在從句中充當狀語，分別可表時間、地點或原因。
i will never forget the day when i first came to beijing.
this is the house where lu xun once lived.
i know the reason why he came late.
注：先行詞是the way時，其後的定語從句關係詞有三種，例如：
i like the way in which / (that) the teacher gives his lessons.
從句缺少的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關係代詞還是關係副詞的關鍵。也就是說要看先行詞在定語從句中擔任什麼成分
試比較：
i will never forget the day (which/that) i spent in hongkong.
( spent是及物動詞，後缺賓語，因此用關係代詞或省略 )
i will never forget the day when/on which hongkong returned to its motherland.
（ 從句主謂賓結構完整，缺狀語，因此用關係副詞或介詞加關係代詞 ）
the reason （that/which）he g**e for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable.
( g**e是及物動詞，後缺賓語，因此用關係代詞或省略 )
the reason why he didn』t come to school yesterday is unbelievable.
（ 從句主謂賓結構完整，缺狀語，因此用關係副詞或介詞加關係代詞 ）
ⅲ. 關係代詞引導的限制性與非限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句對先行詞起限定作用，去掉後主句意義就變得不明確，它與主句之間沒有逗號分隔。例如：
the watch that i bought yesterday works well.
非限制性定語從句與主句之間的關係相對鬆散一些，它對先行詞起補充說明作用，去掉後不影響主句意義。因此，一些具有區別意義的專有名詞及一些表示「唯一」概念的人或物後面常用此類從句。這類從句與主句之間有逗號隔開。
例如：my father, who is a doctor, often encourages me to work hard.
ⅳ. 介詞+關係代詞的用法
關係代詞緊跟在介詞後面時，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。
介詞的選用可根據從句中的相關片語確定，該介詞通常可以放在關係代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：
the man (who/whom/that) i talked about at the meeting is from beijing university.
=the man about whom i talked at the meeting is from beijing university.
但遇到固定片語時，介詞一般緊跟片語主體，不作前置。如：
is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 這裡介詞for一般不提前，因為look for是固定片語，意為「尋找」，介詞for若被提前，單個的look意為「看」，句意不符。)
鞏固練習
i. 單項選擇
1. you』d better not drink water _____ has not been boiled.
a. which b. whom c. whose d. who
2. the director and his movie ___ you h**e just talked is really popular.
a. that b. which c. about which d. of whom
3. his dog, ______ was now very old, became ill and died.
a. who b. that c. whose d. which
4. this is the house _______ i was born on a rainy evening.
a. which b. that c. in which d. at which
5. she is my former classmate _______ handwriting is very good.
a. whom b. whose c. of whom d. which
6. is the girl your friend _______ you shook hands just now?
a. which b. that c. to whom d. with whom
7. in fact the sweden did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in french.
a. where b. who c. in which d. which
8. didn't you see the mani nodded to just now?
a. which b. whom c. whose d. to which
9. i can't find the gold ring _______ i spent 100 dollars.
a. that b. on which c. which d. in which
10. the radio set ____ i bought last week has gone wrong.
a. / b. for which c. over which d. what
answers:
ⅰacdcb, ddbba
定語從句（attributive clauses）part2
i. 關係代詞that與which；that與who的一些特殊用法：
指物時，關係代詞that和which一般情況下可換用，但以下幾種情況下一般用that，不用which：
1）先行詞是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代詞；或是先行詞被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修飾時：
is there anything (that) i can do for you in town?
i h**e read all the books (that) you g**e me.
注：當something確指某物或某事時，用that或which都可以，如：
there is something that/which keeps worrying me. 「有一件事一直令我不安。」
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