非謂語動詞

2023-01-19 20:15:03 字數 6114 閱讀 2578

語法複習:非謂語動詞

撰稿:吳克險審稿:白雪雁責編:張敏

1. 不定式作狀語時常用句型

動詞不定式在句中可用來作目的、結果、原因狀語,常用於下列句型中:

(1)in order to do和so as to do(以便,為了)

she decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others.

她決心加緊學習,好趕上別人。

(2)too… to do…(非常……以致於不能……)

the boy is too young to join the army.

這男孩太小參不了軍。

(3)…enough to do…(……足以……)

the hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.

這廳大得足以容納一千人。

(4)only to do…(不料……,卻……)

they left a rock only to drop it on their own feet.

他們搬起石頭卻砸了自己的腳。

(5)be+形容詞+to do

在這裡不定式說明形容詞所表示的情緒產生的原因。

we are proud to be young people of new china.

作為新中國的青年我們感到自豪。

2. 名詞和不定式作主語和表語時的區別

動名詞和不定式都可以用來作主語和表語。一般來說,在表示抽象的一般的行為時,多

用動名詞;在表示具體某次動作,特別是將來的動作,多用不定式。但在it』s no use (good), it』s useless後常用動名詞作主語。

①it』s difficult for him to finish the job in a week.

對他來說在一周內完成這個工作是困難的。

②tom』s being late again made me angry.

湯姆的再次遲到使我生氣。

③it』s no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水難收。

3. 動名詞和現在分詞作定語時的用法區別

作定語時,現在分詞表示它所修飾名詞的動作,二者有邏輯上的主謂關係(可以改成句子),可以置於被修飾詞之前或之後。動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途(可以改成for短語),二者不存在邏輯上的主謂關係,它一般只能置於被修飾詞之前。

4. 不定式和現在分詞在作賓語補足語時的含義區別

在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch等動詞後可以用不定式或現在分詞作賓

語補足語。用現在分詞表示動作正在發生,即處於發生的過程中,還未結束;用不定式則表示動作的完整性和真實性。

—do you hear someone knocking at the door?

你聽到有人正在敲門嗎?

—yes, i did. i heard him knock three times.

是的,我聽到他敲了三次。

5. 不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞作定語時的區別

① she had no place to live in.

她沒有地方住了。

② do you h**e any clothes to be washed?

你有要洗的衣服嗎?

6. 動名詞的復合結構

動名詞的復合結構指在動名詞前加物主代詞或名詞所有格。物主代詞或名詞所有格表示動名詞動作的發出者。

his coming late made the teacher angry.

他的遲到惹老師生氣了。

動名詞的復合結構在句中作賓語時,物主代詞或名詞所有格可以變為人稱代詞的賓格或名詞的普通格,但復合結構作主語時不作任何變化。

① he entered the room without anyone noticing him.

沒人注意到他進了屋子。

② li ming』s smoking(不可用li ming smoking) in the classroom surprised us.

我們驚訝李明在教室裡抽菸。

7. 動名詞的時態與語態

動名詞的時態分為一般式和完成式兩種形式。如果動名詞的動作發生在謂語動詞之前,則運用完成式;如果與謂語動詞的動作同時發生或在其後發生,用一般式。

i』m sorry for not h**ing kept my promise.

我很抱歉沒有遵守諾言。

若動名詞與其邏輯主語有被動關係,則運用被動語態形式。但有些動詞後運用主動形式表達被動概念,除上述動詞外,be worth後也跟動名詞主動形式表達被動概念。

he entered the room without being noticed.

他進屋沒有被人注意。

練習  1. a cook will be immediately fired if he is found _____ in the kitchen.

a. smoke      b. smoking

c. to smoke    d. smoked

2. he looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.

a. put      b. to be putting

c. to put    d. putting

3. they』re not very good, but we like _____.

a. anyway to play basketball with them

b. to play basketball with them anyway

c. to play with them basketball anyway

d. with them to play basketball anyway

4. he sent me an e-mail, _____ to get further information.

a. hoped     b. hoping

c. to hope    d. hope

5. _____ in 1636, harvard is one of the most famous universities in the united states.

a. being founded    b. it was founded

c. founded       d. founding

6. the _____ boy was last seen _____ near the east lake.

a. missing; playing    b. missing; play

c. missed; played     d. missed; to play

7. tony was very unhappy for _____ to the party.

a. h**ing not been invited    b. not h**ing invited

c. h**ing not invited      d. not h**ing been invited

8. _____ late in the morning, bob turned off the alarm.

a. to sleep    b. sleeping

c. sleep     d. h**ing slept

9. _____ rapidly by the body, sugar provides a quick energy source.

a. digested     b. digesting

c. to digest    d. h**ing digested

10. there are lots of places of interest _____ in our city.

a. needs repairing     b. needing repaired

c. needed repairing    d. needing to be repaired

11. _____ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning english.

a. improving    b. to improve

c. improve     d. h**ing improved

12. i was afraid _____ to my customers because i was afraid _____ them.

a. of talking back; to lose    b. of talking back; of losing

c. to talk back; to lose     d. to talk back; of losing

13. standing on the top of the hill, i would not do anything but _____ the flowing of the

smog around me.

a. enjoy      b. enjoying

c. enjoyed     d. to enjoy

14. —why are you looking pleased?

—oh, i』ve just had a job ______.

a. offered     b. offering

c. to offer    d. being offered

15. —what』s the matter with you?

the window, my finger was cut unexpectedly.

a. cleaning       b. to clean

c. while cleaning    d. while i was cleaning

答案:1—5 bdbbc 6—10 adaad 11—15 bdaad

1. b。本題考查動詞find及非謂語動詞作補足語的用法。find後可以接含有形容詞、名詞、-ing形式、

過去分詞或不定式to be的復合結構。find sb. doing sth.表示「發現某人正在做某事」。

2. d。 catch sb. doing為固定搭配,意思是「發現某人在做某事」。

3. b。此題考查不定式作賓語的情況。like to do sth.「喜歡做……」,因此b、c為選擇物件,play

basketball不能分開,所以c錯誤。

4. b。此題考查動詞的現在分詞作伴隨狀語的情況,也就是說,send和hope兩個動作是同時發生的。

5. c。此題考查分詞作狀語的用法。分詞作狀語,主要應注意它與主句的主語之間的關係:邏輯上為主

謂關係,狀語用現在分詞:邏輯上為動賓關係,狀語用過去分詞。c項的founded既表示了

harvard的被動(被建立),又表示動作發生在過去(in 1636)。

6. a。miss和boy之間在邏輯上是主謂關係,因此選用a、b兩項,句子**現了last這個副詞,表示當

時的乙個情景,故用分詞而不能用不定式,因此b項錯誤。

7. d。此題考查動名詞作介詞的賓語的用法;而且,動名詞的否定詞not應該放在動名詞之前。

8. a。此題是不定式作目的狀語,sleep late意為「睡懶覺」。

9. a。本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語。本句的主語是sugar,它與digest之間是被動關係。

10. d。needing to be repaired相當於needing repairing,在句中作定語。另外,require和want也有

類似的用法。

11. b。不定式位於句首作狀語,表達目的。

12. d。be afraid to do作「不敢……」解(側重指不敢做出的一種行為);be afraid of doing作

「擔心……」解(強調害怕產生某種後果)。

13. a。but作「除了」解,當其前含有實義動詞do時,but後的不定式短語要省去to.

14. a。聯絡前面的內容,說話人說,「別人剛為我提供了乙份工作。」h**e sth. done意思是「請別

人做某事」,do與sth.間為被動關係。

15. d。a、c有較大干擾性,在a、c中clean的動作的發出者不是my finger,而是i,但是句子的主語

是my finger,因此選d。

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