（十九） 省略句
一．省略句的作用：省略是為了避免重複，突出新資訊並使上下文緊密連線的一種語法手段。省略在語言中，尤其在對話中是一種十分普遍的現象。
近幾年的高考主要考查情景交際，狀語從句，賓語從句中的省略。
二．省略句常用句式：
1．情景交際中的省略
在日常對話中，談論雙方都知道的內容時，可以根據具體情況省略句子的主語，謂語或者更多的句子成分。
---let』s go to watch a movie tonight. ---good idea. (=it is a good idea.)
---anything i can do for you? (=is there anything that i can do for you?)
2. 狀語從句中的省略
if, when, while, as if, unless, though/although, once和as等引導的狀語從句時，若與主句的主語一致或為it且從句的謂語動詞中含有be， 則往往將從句主語和be一同省去。
---when (i am) in trouble, i always turn to her for help.
---wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning.
---henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something.
---if (it is) possible, i will go to visit the artist myself.
3. 賓語從句的省略
①兩個賓語從句並列時，可省去第乙個that,但第二個that不能省：
---his teacher said (that) he wasn』t very bright and that he wasn』t worth teaching
②當主句的謂語為think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose, hope, guess, be afraid時， 其後的賓語從句可以採用省略。若從句為肯定句，用代詞so代替與前面重複的部分；若從句為否定句時，則用not，也可用「主語+助動詞否定形式+think/…+ so」。但hope, guess和be afraid只能在後面加not。
---will jim win the first prizei guess so. /i guess not.
---can emily do this worki think so. /i think not. / i don』t think so.
4. 動詞不定式的省略
在口語中為了避免重複，常常會省略不定式結構中和句子前面的部分重複的動詞原形，只保留動詞不定式符號to。這類動詞主要是表示心理，情感，計畫等動詞或短語， 如expect, want, hope, wish, plan, intend, decide, love, like, prefer, would like, would love, hate等。
注：①否定形式的省略用not to。
---shall i go instead of him? ---i prefer not to.
②當不定式含有be或是動詞的完成式h**e時，be和h**e都不可以省略。
---would you like to go shopping with us?
---i』d love to (go shopping with you), but i h**e to take care of my younger sister.
---don』t bathe if you don』t want to (bathe).
---aren』t you the manager? ---no, and i don』t want to be (the manager).
---h**e they finished the task?
---they hope to h**e (finished the task), but in fact they can』t finish it in such a short time.
5 介詞except, but的賓語有時帶to，有時不帶to。其大致原則是：若其前出現了動詞do，後不定式不帶to；若其前沒出現動詞do，則其後不定式帶to（★前有do後無to，前無do後有to）：
---i h**e no choice but/except to wait.
---i h**e nothing to do but/except wait.
6 如果主語是由「all+定語從句」，「thing+定語從句」，「what從句」或「thing+不定式」構成，且含有動詞do時，作表語的不定式可省略to：
---the only thing to do now is (to) study hard.
---the only thing that we should do now is (to) study hard.
---what we should do now is (to) study hard.
---all that we should do now is (to) study hard.
7. 某些使役動詞(let, make, h**e)及感官動詞(see, watch, look at, notice, observe, listen to, hear, feel等)後面作賓語補足語的不定式一定要省略to，但在被動語態中須將to還原。
---i saw the boy fall from the tree. the boy was seen to fall from the tree.
---the boss made us work 12 hours a day. we were made to work 12 hours a day.
8. 連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但後面的語序有變化。
---had they time, they would certainly come and help us.
---were i you, i would do the work better.
---should there be a flood, what should we do?
9. 並列復合句中某些相同成分可以省略。
---this computer works well, but that one doesn』t (work well).
---i study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
10. 新聞標題要求簡練醒目，需根據上下文語境推敲其省略部分。
---boy 14, rescued from cliff face. (=a boy of 14 has been rescued from cliff face.)
---american president to fly to london. (=american president is to fly to london.)
11. 一些固定短語中某些介詞的省略。
prevent/stop/s**e sb. (from) doing sth. be busy (in) doing sth.
spend/waste money(time) (in) doing sth. h**e difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
h**e a good/hard time (in) doing sth. there is no use/point/difficulty (in) doing sth.
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