高考英語語法複習專題八

2023-01-31 13:36:02 字數 4743 閱讀 3988

語法系列複習專題八-----非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞(不能作謂語用)包括不定式、分詞及動名詞。

一、 動詞不定式

1.常用形式:一般主動式to do, 一般被動式to be done

完成主動式to h**e done, 完成被動式to h**e been done

進行式to be doing

2.語法功能:可作主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語和狀語(即除謂語之外的各種成

分)。例如:

1)主語:to master a foreign language is very important.

2)表語:my job is to drive them to the company every day.

3)賓語:do you want to visit the great wall?

can you give us some advice on what to do next?

4) 賓補:the teacher advised us to h**e a rest first.

i didnt notice them come in.

注:see, hear, watch, notice, h**e, make, let等動詞後作賓補的動詞不定式不帶to, 但變為被動語態以後(即不定式作主補時)要帶to, 其中let sb. do sth.

變為被動式為sb. is let do sth.

help(幫助)後作賓補的動詞不定式可帶to,也可不帶to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.

5) 定語:不定式位於所修飾的名詞,代詞之後,如:who was the first one to set

to the top of the hill yesterday? /he is the man to depend on/to believe in.

6)狀語in order to

a.目的狀語:she reads china daily every day so as to improve her english.

to 注:in order to 可以位於句首或句中,so as to 不能位於句首。

b.原因狀語: im glad to see you . 注:

這種「be+形容詞+不定式」結構,其不定式有時也可視為賓語,如:he is eager to go to college./ she is sure to come here.

c.結果狀語:they lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們一直活到見到家鄉解放。

△在「too…to…」結構中表「太…結果不能」,如:he is too weak to do the work.

注:too之前如果有only, only too 表「非常」、「很」意,此時不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意。如:

they are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. 他們很幸運去國外訪問。

另外,too後如果是happy, glad之類形容詞時,不定式也表肯定意,

如:she was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.

△在「形容詞/副詞+enough+不定式」結構中表「足以能…」,如:he is strong enough to do the work .

3.復合結構不定式(for sb. to do sth.),可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。

for 本身無意義,sb.可稱之為不定式的邏輯主語。例如:

i think it necessary for him to go there at once.(復合結構不定式作賓語)

注:當作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質或特徵時,不用for, 而用of,

如:it is kind of you to help me .(相當於you are kind to help me .

)這類形容詞有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite(不禮貌)等。right, wrong既可用於for sb. to do sth.

也可用於of sb. to do sth. 例如:

its right/wrongg for him to do the work alone.

4.疑問詞+不定式:可作主語、表語或賓語。如:

how to finish the work in time is a problem.(主語)we dont know when and where to go .(賓語)

5.動詞不定式的否定式(not to do sth.),語法功能同不定式肯定式。

6.不定式的時態形式所表示的時間關係:

1)一般式:表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,或在謂語動作之後,或

沒有時間限制。例如:

they often watch us play table tennis.(與謂語動作同時)

she hopes to go there again.(在謂語動作之後)

it is necessary and important to read english every day.(無時間限制)

the factory to make radios is over there.(無時間限制)

2)完成式:表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如:

im sorry to h**e kept you waiting. /she seems to h**e been a teacher for many years.

3)進行式:表示正在發生的動作且與謂語動作同時發生。例如:

she happened to be writing a letter in the room when i come in.

7.不定式的被動式:名詞、代詞為不定式的邏輯賓語時,一般用不定式被動式,

例如:what is to be done is unknown. /the bridge to be bulit there is very long.

注:關於不定式的主動式表被動義用法參見《動詞時態、語態》一講。

一、 分詞

1.分詞形式:有現在分詞和過去分詞兩種。過去分詞只有一種形式,現在分詞則有:

一般主動式doing, 一般被動式being done, 完成主動式h**ing done,完成被動式h**ing been done

2.語法功能:在句中作定語、表語、賓補、狀語。

3.現在分詞和過去分詞的區別:

1)語態不同:現在分詞表示主動概念,及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。例如:

the moving film 動人的電影,the moved girl 受感動的姑娘,a running machine 一台轉動的機器, a stolen car 一輛被盜的汽車

注:關於心理狀態動詞的-ing形式表主動意,-ed形式表被動意,詳見該講後的專題。

2)時間關係上不同:現在分詞表正在進行的動作,過去分詞往往表已經完成的動作。

例如:a developing country 發展中的國家,a developed country發達的國家

4.現在分詞的基本用法:

1) 一般主動式用法:

a.作定語:the sleeping child is only five years old.(=the child who is sleeping is…)/the girl writing a letter there can speak english very well.

(=the girl who is writing a letter can…)

the factory ****** tv sets is very large.(=the factory which makes tv sets is very large.)

b.作表語:the story sounds very interesting./the news is very exciting.

c.作賓補:學用於see, watch, hear, feel, find, h**e, keep等動詞之後。

例如:we can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /i saw tom coming out of the house.

/dont keep the students doing homework all day.

注:上述動詞後跟不定式作賓補表示動作的過程,而不是正在進行中的動作,而現在分詞作賓補則表示正在進行中的動作。例如:i heard them singing in the room

when i passed it.(singing不可改為sing) do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改為singing)

h**e sb. do sth. 與h**e sb.

doing sth. 的區別:前者h**e=let, 後者h**e 有時表「keep」意,有時表「employ(雇用)」意。

如:ill h**e him go with me.我將讓他和我一塊去。

ill h**e him working in my compary.我將雇用他在我的公司裡工作。

dont h**e the machine working all day .不要讓機器整天工作。

d.作狀語:

①時間狀語:reading the letter, i couldnt help thinking of my school life.

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