定語從句及相關術語

2023-01-09 00:21:02 字數 4700 閱讀 5340

1.定語從句:定語從句是由關係代詞或關係副詞引導的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分,相當於形容詞,所以又稱為形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞後面。

2.關係詞:引導定語從句的關聯詞稱為關係詞,關係詞有關係代詞和關係副詞。

關係代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關係副詞有where, when, why等。關係詞常有3個作用:1,引導定語從句。

2,代替先行詞。3,在定語從句中擔當乙個成分。

3.定語:定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用『……的』表示。

主要由形容詞擔任。此外,名詞,代詞,數詞,分詞,副詞,不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔任,也可以由乙個句子來擔任.單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時則放在所修飾的詞之後,作後置定語。

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(一) 限定性定語從句

一、關係代詞

1. that既可代表事物環境也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關係詞,which在從句中作賓語也可以省略。[eg:

this is the book (which)you want。]而且,如果which在從句中作「不及物動詞+介詞」的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關係代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置

2. which作賓語時,根據先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關係,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟

3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時等,這時的that常被省略還有先行詞前有序數詞或形容詞最高端修飾時,或先行詞就是序數詞或最高端時.以及先行詞中既有人又有物時.

還有句中前面有which時,都只能用that

4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語

二、關係副詞

關係副詞=介詞+關係代詞

why=for which

where=in which

when=during which

whose=of which

1. where是關係副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句

2. when引導定語從句表示時間[注]值得一提的是,表示時間「time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導,有時不用任何關係代詞,當然也不用that引導

by the time you arrive in london, we will h**e stayed there for two weeks. i still remember the first time i met her. each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc.

3. whose是關係代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當於所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導的從句可以修飾人和物, 當它引導的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調換,表達的意思一樣.

4. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導

there is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這裡有人要和你說話。

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(二)非限定性定語從句

非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常是引導詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉後其他部分仍可成立

1. which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分

2.當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:

charles smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。

my house, which i bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。

this novel, which i h**e read three times, is very touching. 這本**很動人,我已經讀了三遍。

3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:

he seems not to h**e grasped what i meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。

liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。

4. 有時as也可用作關係代詞

5. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用關係副詞why和關係代詞that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.;

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(三)關係代詞引導的定語從句

指人在從句中做主語

(1) the boys who are playing football are from class one.

(2) yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。(注:who和whom已無太大區別,可以通用。)

(1) mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) mr. ling is just the boy whom i want to see.

(3) the man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

注意:關係代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。

如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: he is the man whom/who i talk to.

如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: he is the man who has an english book.

指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略

(1) football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) this is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人時,相當於who或者whom;指物時,相當於which。

在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。

(5) the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(6) where is the man that/whom i saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語

(1) he has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) i once lived in a house whose roof has fallen 指物時,常用以下結構來代替

(3) the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) do you like the book whose color is yellow?

(6) do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

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(四)注意

介詞+關係代詞引導的定語從句關係代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時

從句常由介詞+關係代詞引導

(1) the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) the school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

(4) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) we』ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we h**e often talked about.

(6) we』ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we h**e often talked.

注意:1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等

(1) this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t=正確)

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