the first to the second class
part 1 grammar
句子成分
一．句子成分的定義：組成乙個句子的各個部分，叫做句子成分。
二．分類包括：主語、謂語（賓語、表語）、以及用於修飾句中名詞和代詞的定語、修飾句中動詞、形容詞和副詞的狀語。主語和謂語構成句子的骨架，而定語和狀語則是修飾骨架的血肉，是修飾語。
句子成分主要由實詞擔任。實詞包括：名次、動詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞和數詞。
虛詞在句中只起連線、限定或表達喜怒哀樂感情等作用，不做句子成分。虛詞包括：介詞、連詞、冠詞和感嘆詞等。
（一）主語：主語相當於句子的話題或主題，即要說明的人或物。主語一般位於句首，且不能省略。
但在某些特定的句式裡，如：疑問句，倒裝句，祈使句，感嘆句，there be結構中等，句子主語也可以位於謂語動詞之後或省略。能用來做主語的有：
名詞、代詞、數詞、動名詞或動名詞短語、動詞不定式或動詞不定式短語、主語從句等。
1. 名詞作主語，名詞是表示人，事物或抽象概念的名詞，它是英語中最重要的詞類之一。充當句子的主語是名詞的主要功能之一。
these books are lucy』s.
the students asked me many questions.
2. 代詞作主語
we all like music.
this is not my book. mine is over there.
this is a map of china and that is the map of the world.
why are you so sad?
everyone is here. let』s go.
it is important to learn english well.
3. 動名詞作主語
smoking is bad for us.
dancing is my f**orite.
4. 數詞作主語
eight is a lucky number.
the first is mine and the second is hers.
5. 動詞不定式作主語
to master a foreign language is important.
to be a teacher is my dream.
6. 名詞化的形容詞作主語
the old need more help.
the injured are in the hospital.
7. 從句作主語
that he forget to tell me the time caused lots of troubles.
whether we can hold the meeting depends on the weather.
what you said is important for me.
8. 介詞短語作主語
from 8:30 to 5:30 is our office time.
總之：主語是以名詞性的短語來充當。
練習：指出下列句子的主語。
1. swimming is good for us.
2. it』s a pity that he has made such a mistake.
3. the fourth of the earth is water.
4. kobe is a well-known basketball player.
5. both of us are students.
6. to read in the sun is bad for your eyes.
7. whether they will agree to the plan doesn』t matter too much.
8. staying at home on sunday is boring.
9. four is an unlucky number.
10. it is important for me to get up early.
（二）謂語：說明或描述主語的動作，狀態或者特徵的句子成分，即說明主語做什麼，怎麼樣。由動詞或動詞短語充當，位於主語之後。簡單謂語:由動詞或動詞片語組成
1. i saw the flag on the top of the hill?
2. he looked after two orphans.
3. mother bought me a vcr.
4. the weather is very nice today.
復合謂語由情態動詞或助動詞+動詞;
5. he can speak english well.
6. she doesn』t seem to like dancing
7. we h**e finished our work already.
練習：指出下列句子的謂語。
1. i don』t like the picture on the wall.
2. the days get longer and longer when summer comes.
3. do you usually go to school by bus?
4. there will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
5. did the twins h**e porridge for their breakfast?
6. tom didn』t do his homework yesterday.
7. what he said is this.
8. he is interested in music.
9. whom did you give my book to?
10. she is dancing on the playground.
（三）賓語：指動作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名詞、代詞或相當於名詞的片語或句子充當，位於動詞之後。賓語是動作的承受著。
注意及物動詞直接加賓語，不及物動詞加介詞再加賓語。(動賓介賓)
1. show your passport, please.
2. she didn't say anything.
3. how many do you want? - i want two.
4. they sent the injured to hospital.
5. they asked to see my passport.
6. i enjoy working with you.
7. did you write down what he said?
賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語.直接賓語指物或事,間接賓語指人或動物.
he g**e me some books.
練習：指出下列句子的賓語。
1. i like apples.
2. my f**orite actor is jay zhou.
3. my brother hasn』t done his homework.
4. people all over the world speak english.
5. you must pay good attention to your handwriting.
6. the old man sitting at the gate is my father.
7. they made him monitor of the class.
8. they didn』t know who 「father christmas」 really is.
9. go across the bridge and you will see the museum on your left.
10. some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
（四）表語：表示主語的身份、性質、狀態和特徵，一般由名詞、形容詞、或相當於名詞、形容詞的詞、短語或句子充當，位於連系動詞之後。在系動詞後的部分就是表語。
1. the war was over.
2. they seem to know the truth.
3. time is precious.
4. i』m not quite myself today.
5. that remains a puzzle.
6. i don』t feel at ease.
練習：指出下列句子的表語
1. the weather is cold.
2. our english teacher is an american.
3. my hobby is playing basketball.
4. the old man was feeling very tired.
5. the le**es h**e turned yellow.
6. that sounds good.
7. the weather gets hotter and hotter.
8. it smells terrible.
9. the problem is that we don』t like it.
10. soon they will become interested in the subjects.
（五）定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、片語或從句。作丁宇的主要是形容詞，名詞，代詞，數詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式。
1. he is a clever boy.
2. his father works in a steel work.
3. there are 54students in our class.
4. do you known betty』s sister?
5. he bought some sleeping pills.
6. there is a sleeping baby in bed.
7. his spoken language is good.
8. would you like something to eat?
9. the man who lives next to us is a policeman.
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