動詞不定式的用法

2023-02-05 05:33:03 字數 4817 閱讀 8596

動詞不定式的形式:

1.不定式作主語

⑴原則上,可用動詞不定式直接作句子的主語,通常用it作句子的形式主語,而把不定式移到後面,形成「it + 謂語… + 動詞不定式…」的句型。如:

to catch the 5:00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea.

it is not a good idea to catch the 5:00 bus early in the morning.

to learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts.

it takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.

⑵若要說明不定式的動作的執行者,可以在不定式前面加上「for + 名詞或代詞」結構,或是「of + 名詞或代詞」結構。

it is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. it is very kind of you to help me .

⑶可用於「of + 名詞/代詞 + 動詞不定式」結構中作主語補足語的形容詞是指那些可以表示人或事物的性質或品質的好壞的形容詞。這些詞如:careful, cruel, foolish, bold, br**e, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice,stupid, selfish, silly, wicked, wise, thoughtful, wrong等。

2.不定式作賓語

不定式作賓語有兩種情況:一是及物動詞後直接跟帶to的不定式,二是「動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式」。

⑴「動詞+帶to的不定式」結構:常見的以不定式作賓語的動詞有afford, appear, agree, ask, believe, decide, demand, desire, fail, hope, intend,learn, mean, offer, promise,refuse, wish等。如:

i can『t afford to buy a house.

⑵「動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式」結構:常見的這類動詞有advise, decide, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, think, teach, wonder,discover, understand, guess, explain等。這類疑問代(副)詞what, when, which, where, how, whether等(不包含why)。

如:she does not know how to go there. he will tell you how to deal with it.

⑶在不定式作賓語時,有時我們會使用it作形式賓語,而把不定式放到後面。如:

they consider it inappropriate to h**e classes in the evening.

(4)可以作形容詞的賓語。這一類形容詞有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious等。例如:

i」m determined to give up smoking.

he is willing to help us.

(5)在tell, advise, allow, forbid, learn, show, decide等詞的後面常用「連線詞+不定式」作賓語。例如:

we must decide whether to go or stay.

i don」t know how to get in touch with him.

3.不定式作表語

不定式作表語時,主語通常是乙個名詞,不定式短語或者從句。

the boss『s plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately. to work means to earn a living. what you h**e to do is to push the button.

4.不定式作定語

不定式作定語相當於乙個定語從句,它修飾以下幾類名詞:

⑴由動詞派生或轉化而來的名詞,它們所對應的動詞通常有不定式作賓語。這類名詞主要有:attempt, claim, decision, plan, promise, intention, need,resolution,tendency, wish, failure, threat等。

another attempt to climb the mountain will be made next month.

in his speech he expressed his determination to achieve the goal.

⑵由可能與不定式搭配的形容詞派生出來的名詞。這類名詞主要有:anxiety, patience, ability, willingness, ambition等。

her eagerness to learn a foreign language obvious.

⑶不定式作定語還可用來修飾代詞something, anything, everything, nothing.不定式做後置定語。

do you h**e anything to send? 你有什麼東西要寄嗎?(不定式to send的動作執行者是you)

do you h**e anything to be sent? 你有什麼要(我或別人)寄的東西嗎?不定式to be sent的動作執行者是已被省略的me或someone else)

she has everything to lose and nothing to gain.

⑷由only, last, next, 序數詞或形容詞最高端修飾的名詞後常用不定式作定語。

jim is the only student to answer the question correctly in his class.

you are the last to undertake the blood test.

⑸不定式常作為定語修飾there be結構的真實主語。在there be結構中,用來修飾主語的不定式有時用主動形式,有時用被動形式。當說話人考慮的是必須有人完成某件事時,不定式用主動形式。

如果說話人強調的是事情本身必須被完成時,不定式則用被動形式。例如:

there is a lot of work to do.(somebody has to do the work.)

there is a lot of work to be done.(the work has to be done.)

⑹ 有些抽象名詞。主要有:reason, right, time, effort, chance, way等。

如: the time to go to school, the way to get to the clinic, the chance to win the game.

(7)如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞,則不定式中要有介詞.

i h**e something to say.

he has a lot of homework to do .

he is looking for a room to live in .

there is nothing to worry about.

不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點工具等,即使是及物動詞,不定式後面仍須有相應的介詞。

please give me a pen to write with.

不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way,不定式後面的介詞習慣上要省去。

he had no money and no place to live. 他沒錢沒地方住。

(8)不定式作定語時,應放在被修飾詞的後面,而且放在其他後置定語之後。不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種關係:

1)動賓關係 i h**e a lot of work to do.我有很多任務作要做。

2)主謂關係 he is always the first to come.他總是第乙個來。

3)同位關係 we all h**e a chance to go to college. 我們都有上大學的機會。

5.不定式作狀語

不定式作狀語相當於乙個狀語從句,表示形為的目的、結果或原因。

⑴表示目的。在這種情況下,不定式的邏輯主語通常也是全句的主語。

he stayed there to see what would happen.

在強調不定式目的狀語時,不定式前可加in order, so as等。如:

she asked me to drive her to the airport in order to catch the 5:00 plane.

he moved the tv set to the meeting-room so as to let everyone watch it.

⑵用so……as to……, such (……) as to……, enough to……, too……to, only to等表示結果,如:

h**e you got enough room to seat all of us?

she is too weak to join us in the outing.

⑶將不定式移到句首表示條件,如:

to hear the teacher better, you h**e to sit in the front. = if you are to hear the teacher better,……

⑷與形容詞連用時,大多表示原因。這些形容詞主要有:happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, grieved,disappointed等。

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