主謂一致指」人稱」和」數方面的一致關係.如: he is going abroad. they are playing football.
可分為:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.
一． 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為複數,謂語也用複數. 以下為注意事項:
1. 單數主語即使後面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.
如: air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質.
no one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個僕人外, 沒有乙個人遲來用餐
2. 用and連線的並列主語,如果主語是同乙個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用複數. 如:
the poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(乙個人)
a hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)
用and連線的成對名詞習慣上被看成是乙個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹麵包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.
3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數. 如:
serving the people is my great happiness.
為人民服務是我最大的幸福.
when we』ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什麼時候出去郊遊已決定了.
4. 用連線的並列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.
every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.
no teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.
each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙.
5. each of + 複數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數. 複數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數.如:
each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說
6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 儘管從意義上看是複數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數. 但more+複數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用複數.
如:many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
more than one student was late. 不只乙個學生遲到
more persons than one come to help us. 不止乙個人來幫助我們.
7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用複數; 但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數. 如:
none of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人.
none of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急.
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用複數. 如:
his clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如:
a pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡.
9. 形復意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結尾的學科名稱如:
physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the united states; 報紙名如: the new times; 書名如:
arabian night 《天方夜談》; 以及the united nations《聯合國》 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.
10. 「a +名詞+and a half 「, 「one and a half + 名詞」, 「the number of + 名詞」 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數. 如:
only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 複數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用複數形式, 如:
one or two places h**e been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點.
二． 內容一致原則:
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及」分數或百分數+名詞」做主語時,謂語動詞單複數取決於連用的名詞.如:
the rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車, 今天**.
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了.
most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的.
most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了.
2. 不定數量的片語, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單複數取決於量詞後面名詞的數.
如:a part of the textbooks h**e arrived. 一小部分教科書已運到.
a part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了.
3. 加減乘除用單數.如:
fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等於10.
4. 表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 儘管是複數形式, 它們做為乙個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如:
ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是乙個相當的距離.
5. (1) 通常作複數的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作複數.如:
the british police h**e only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作單數也可作複數的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
the committee has/h**e decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解雇他.
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式」表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用複數.如:
the injured were s**ed after the fire.
三．就近原則
1. 由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中, (有時主語不止乙個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如:
here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.
here is a pen and some pieces of ***** for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙
where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
2. 用連詞or, either.... or, neither….
nor, not only….but also 等連線的並列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致. 如:
neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事.
he or you h**e taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆.
注意: one of +複數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為複數.如:
mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一.
the only one of +複數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞應為單數.
mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一乙個飼養寵物的人.
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