現在分詞概說：
在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語、補語
1.作表語:the situation is quite encouraging.
2.用作定語:do you know the girl sitting under the tree?she is a charming girl.
3.狀語:the students went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.
4.補語:don』t keep us waiting for a long heard him singing in the classroom.
現在分詞作表語
現在分詞常可作表語：
① the dirty street is disgusting.
② the book was rather boring.
③ the day was so charming.
④ this was very disappointing.
⑤ the photo is missing.
[注：這樣用的現在分詞很多都已經成了形容詞]
現在分詞作定語
1.現在分詞作前置定語：
①those relatives of his are boring people.
②that』s a frightening thought.
③he is a promising new painter.
④i found him a charming person.
⑤it』s the most exciting news.
⑥he is a most interesting man.
2.現在分詞（短語）作後置定語：
①do you know the girl standing under the tree?
②who is the man talking to tom?
③there were 300 children studying in the art school.
④there are a few boys swimming in the river.
⑤the girl sitting next to me is my cousin.
現在分詞作狀語
1.在某些動詞或復合謂語之後可用現在分詞（短語）作狀語
i stood watching her,not knowing what to do.
she was lying in bed crying.
he ran out of the house shouting.
the girls are busy ****** artificial flowers.
she was in the kitchen preparing supper.
over 20,000 people were there watching the football match.
2.現在分詞（短語）可表示伴隨的動作（或乙個同時發生的次要的動作），這時常有乙個逗號把它和句子的主要部分分開，分詞短語可以放在句首，也可放在後部，或插在中間：
opening the drawer,he took out a book.
taking off our shoes,we crept along the passage.
following tom,they started to climb.
taking a key out of his pocket,he opened the door.
she went out,slamming the door.
mary walked round the town,looking at the sights.
please fill in this form,giving your name,address,etc.
i got home,feeling very tired.
an old peasant,bringing his own food,volunteered as guide for us.
3.分詞短語有時表原因，相當於乙個表示原因的狀語從句，可以放在前面、後面或中間：
being a student(=as he is a student),he was naturally interested in museums.
not knowing her address(=as we didn』t know her address),we couldn』t get in touch with her.
seeing nobody at home,she decided to le**e them a note.
calling early,i found him at home.
they sent us an open letter,hoping to get our support.
he never went out in daylight,fearing that the police would recognize him.
many of us,being so excited,could not go to sleep that night.
the doctor,not wishing to alarm her,didn』t tell her how serious her condition was.
4.分詞短語還可以表示時間，相當於乙個時間狀語從句，這有三種情況：
a．表示乙個動作發生，另乙個動作隨即發生（相當於when引導的從句）：
turning around(=when she turned around),she saw an umbulance driving up.
hearing the news(=when they heard the news),they all jumped with joy.
arriving at the worksite,he found them busy laying bricks.
returning home,he began writing a melody for it.
b.表示在做某事的過程中，發生某事或做某事，這時前面仍保留連詞when和while：
they got engaged when tr**elling in europe.
don』t metion this while talking to him
5.現在分詞短語偶爾也可表示結果：
her husband died in 1980，le**ing her with 5 children.
they opened fire,killing one of our patrolmen.
the snow lasted a week,resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
有些表示狀態或條件的從句，可以省略一些詞，只剩下現在分詞和連詞一起構成狀語：
he turned around from time to time as if (he was )searching for someone.
she paused for a while as though (she was)waiting for reply.
unless (you are )paying by credit card,please pay in cash.
現在分詞短語的結構
1.現在分詞的完成形式：
現在分詞有時需要完成形式，說明它表示的動作在主要謂語的動作之前發生，這類短語或是作時間狀語或是作原因狀語：
h**ing found a hotel,they began to look for a restaurant.
h**ing reviewed his lessons,he went to bed.
h**ing got our tickets,we drove to the airport to board the plane.
h**ing sent the children to school,she got ready to go to work.
h**ing been ill for two weeks,she felt rather weak.
h**ing lived there for some time,she knew the place quite well.
h**ing invited so many people,we had to prepare sufficient food.
not h**ing got an answer,i decided to write him another letter.
2.獨立主格結構：
有時現在分詞可以有自己的邏輯主語，稱為獨立主格結構：
獨立主格結構的特點是：
1） 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在；
2） 獨立主格結構中的名詞或代詞與後面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語等式邏輯上的主謂關係；
3） 獨立主格後一般有逗號與句子分開
獨立主格結構的構成：
1） 名詞（代詞）+現在分詞/過去分詞 the test finished,we began our holiday.
2） 名詞（代詞）+形容詞
3） 名詞（代詞）+副詞
4） 名詞（代詞）+不定式
5） 名詞（代詞）+介詞短語
6） with/without+名詞（代詞）+賓語補足語 he came into the room,with his ears red with came out of the library ,(with)a large book under his arm.
the day being fine(=as the day was fine),we decided to go swimming.
it being a holiday(as it was a holiday),all the shops were shut.
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