第一部分:基礎知識
（一）．定語從句概述
定語可以由形容詞，代詞，數詞，名詞，不定式，介詞短語來充當。如果是乙個句子擔任定語，那麼這個句子就叫做定語從句，又可稱為形容詞性從句。
定語從句通常修飾某一名詞或代詞，被定語從句修飾的這一名詞或代詞叫先行詞，它位於定語從句之前，定語從句在先行詞後面，應盡量緊跟先行詞。定語從句的作用即在於對先行詞進行限定說明或補充說明。
（二）．定語從句的引導詞。
定語從句的引導詞分為兩類，關係代詞（that, which, who, whom, whose ）和關係副詞（ when, where, why ），引導詞在先行詞和定語從句之間，既起連線作用，即連線先行詞和定語從句，更重要的是，它又在定語從句中作乙個成分。
（三）．關係代詞
1. that 指人，物，在從句中作主語，賓語，表語。
this is the photo that i took in the country.
he is the singer that i met yesterday.
2. which 指物，在從句中作主語，賓語，在非限定定語從句中充當定語，或者代替前句
the film which we saw last night was moving.
3. who 指人，在從句中作主語，賓語。
the person who visited our classroom yesterday was our new headmaster.
the man who you just talked to is tom.
4. whom 指人，在從句中作賓語。
that is the professor whom you want to know.
5. whose 指人，物，在從句中作定語，相當於先行詞+ 』s, 後接一名詞。
i know the boy whose parents are dead.
i don』t like those cities whose roads are dirty.
注：關係代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略。
（四）．關係副詞
關係副詞在從句中作狀語，有時相當於介詞+which，其中which指代先行詞不可以指示整個句子。
1. when 指時間，在從句中作時間狀語，相當於at/ on/ in/ during which.
i』ll never forget the day when (on which) i reached the top of the huangshan mountain.
2. where 指地點，在從句中作地點狀語，相當於at/ in / to/ which.
this is the school where (at which) i studied.
3. why 指原因，在從句中作原因狀語，相當於for which.
that』s the real reason why (for which) he was late.
第二部分：關係代詞的特殊用法
(一) 關係代詞指物時, 用that而不用which的情況:
1. 先行詞為something ,anything ,nothing ,everything以及all , much , little , a lot ,
none , few 等不定代詞時。
my mother was so proud of all that i didn』t.
2. 先行詞有the last , the very , the only以及all , much , few , no , any ,little等修飾時。
this is the very book that i』m looking for.
3. 先行詞為序數詞、形容詞最高端(或所修飾)時。
this is the most exciting film that i』ve ever seen.
when people talk about hangzhou, the first that comes to their mind is the west lake.
4. the same 修飾先行詞時 , 定語從句要用that 或as引導 , 但意義不同。
this is the same watch as i lost last sunday. (表示相同但並非同一)
this is the same knife that i used yesterday. (表示就是那個)
6. there be 後面的定語從句多用that引導 , 不用which 。
there』s a seat in the corner that is still free.
7. 句子前面出現了who , which 時 , 後面的定語從句用that引導。
they built a factory which made some new products that had never been seen before.
who is the man that you were talking about just now?
8. 關係代詞在定語從句作表語時, 常用that , 而不用which 、who 。
my home town is not the small village that it was 10 years ago.
tom isn』t the man that he used to be
9. 先行詞既有人又有物時, 只能用that。
do you remember the book and its author that appeared on tv last sunday?
(二) 關係代詞指人時, 有時只用who ,而不用that。
1. 先行詞為指人的代詞one , those , the man,以及人稱代詞如he等。
those who are often late for school should be punished.
he who doesn』t reach the great wall is not a true man.
2. 先行詞為someone (somebody), no one (nobody), anyone (anybody), everyone (everybody) 。
anyone who would like to attend the party should come on time.
3. 先行詞指人時, 如有序數詞, 最高端, the very , the only ,the last等修飾 , 定語
從句既可用that也可用who引導。
he is the first student who / that worked out the problem.
(三) 關係代詞whose的用法：
1. whose 在從句中作定語 ，表示「先行詞的…」 ，既可指人，也可指物。
john is my best friend, whose father is a scientist.
the old man lived in the house whose window was broken.
the boss, in whose company my father worked, was very friendly to the workers.
2. whose 可以轉換為of which（物）和of whom（人） 。
1) the dictionary whose cover is missing is mine.
劃線部分可改為the cover of which或of which the cover )
2) they also invited mr. wang, whose car was stolen last sunday.
劃線部分可改為 the car of whom 或 of whom the car )
(四) which的特殊用法：
1. 關係代詞which引導的非限制性定語從句 , 有時不是修飾某個先行詞 , 而是指代主句的全部或部分內容 。特別注意，非限定定語從句中prep+which 時，which 只能指代先行詞，不可以指代句子。
1) in china, you sometimes get a hot damp cloth to clean your face and hands, which, however, is not the custom in western countries.
2） helen often came late, which made the class teacher angry.
2 . which 有時可在定語從句中作定語 , 含義上相當於指示代詞this / that 。
1) he stayed in england for 5 years, during which time he learned english well.
2) it may rain hard tomorrow, in which case i won』t go fishing.
注意 ：which的這種用法與whose 作定語不同 。whose 表示「 先行詞的… 」。
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