初中英語分類練習 —— 謂語語態
英語動詞有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。例如：
he wrote a novel.（主語he 是動作wrote 的執行者，是主動語態。）
the classroom was cleaned by him yesterday.（主語the classroom 是動作的承受者，是被動語態。）
知識點概述
一、被動語態的構成
英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be必須與主語的人稱和數量保持一致，並有時態的變化。例如：
the man was fooled by the two boys.
the book has been translated into several languages.
被動語態的句子結構：主語+ be +過去分詞
1、一般現在時
謂語：例句：one lesson is learned each week.
foreign languages are studied everywhere in china.
2、一般過去時
謂語：例句：this hospital was set up just two years ago.
3、一般將來時
謂語：例句：this question will be answered by the headmaster tomorrow.
4、過去將來時
謂語：例句：the physics teacher said that two experiments would be done the next week.
5、現在完成時
謂語：例句：as has been pointed out , the housing problem in our district has basically been solved.
6、過去完成時
謂語：had been + pp.
例句：when i got to the ticket office, all the tickets had been sold out.
7、現在進行時
謂語：例句：the patients in ward 12 are being taken care of by miss hoover.
8、過去進行時
謂語：例句：she said her house was being painted.
注：及物的短語動詞相當於乙個及物動詞，可以有被動語態，這類短語動詞有：turn on, turn off, find out ,laugh at ,look after, talk about, think of /about over, bring about, (引起；導至) put away, make out (認出)，make up (編；補嘗)，look down upon,
pay attention to ,face up to (面對)
二、被動語態的用法
（1）動作的執行者不知道是誰或難以說明時常用被動語態。例如：
street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
the new test book will be used next term.
（2）當動作的承受者比起動作的執行者來說更能引起人們的關心而需要加以強調時，要用被動語態。例如：
this kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
the thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
（3）含有雙賓語的句子，主動句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變為被動語態中的乙個主語，另乙個保留不變。變為主語的若是主動句中的直接賓語在變為間接賓語前則需加介詞to 或for。
例如：the pianist g**e the pupils some advice.
間接賓語直接賓語
→the pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
→some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
(4)在主動語態句中動詞make、h**e、let、see、watch、hear、feel等後接動詞不定式作賓語補足語，動詞不定式不加to。但變成被動語態時後面的不定式都須加上to。
例如：the boss made them work ten hours a day.
→they were made to work ten hours a day.
a boy saw him enter the house.
he was seen to enter the house.
三、被動語態的時態
初中英語教材**現了五種時態的被動語態及帶有情態動詞的被動語態。
（1） 一般現在時
構成：助動詞be + 動詞的過去分詞
例如：this kind of car is made in shanghai.
english is spoken in many countries.
(2) 一般過去時
構成：助動詞was/were + 動詞的過去分詞
例如：the bridge was built in 1992.
was this novel written by his father?
(3) 一般將來時
構成：will/be going to do + be + 動詞的過去分詞
例如：these books are going to be posted tomorrow.
the baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.
(4) 現在完成時
構成：助動詞h**e/has + been + 動詞的過去分詞
例如：has his work been finished?
we h**en』t been invited to the party.
(5) 現在進行時
構成：be + being + 動詞的過去分詞
例如：a new bridge is being built in my hometown.
the problem is being discussed by the students.
(6) 帶有情態動詞的被動語態
構成：情態動詞 + be + 動詞的過去分詞
例如：can this walkman be repaired here?
your composition must be handed in tomorrow.
二、複習時需要注意的要點
（1）由主動語態改為被動語態的步驟：
主動語態中的賓語變為被動語態句中的主語；
主動語態句中的動詞改為相應的被動語態；
主動語態句中的主語變為被動語態句中by的賓語。
（2）主動語態句中的謂語動詞帶有雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語時，轉換方法有兩種：
把間接賓語轉化為主語，保留直接賓語
把直接賓語轉化為主語，保留間接賓語。此時，一般需在間接賓語前加適當的介詞。
（3）在短語see sb. do sth. 中，動詞see後跟不帶to的不定式作賓補。
改為被動語態時要加上to。用於這一結構的謂語動詞一般是表示知覺的動詞如see, hear等，以及使役動詞make, let等。
實戰演練
一、例題選講
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