period 13. 狀語從句3-
讓步狀從，方式狀從，比較狀從
i.讓步狀語從句
= no matter how whatever = no matter what
whoever = no matter who whenever = no matter when
wherever = no matter where
可引導讓步狀從的：whenever/ wherever/ however/ whatever/ whichever/ whoever
no matter when/ where/ how/ what/ which/ who
可引導名詞性從句的: whatever/ whichever/ whoever
no matter+疑問詞」或「疑問詞-ever」的含義為「不管……都……」，它們引導的讓步狀語從句可以互換，但前者引導的從句語氣更強烈，口語中也常用前者。
whoever breaks the law shall be punished. ≠no matter who
his father always gives her whatever she likes. ≠no matter what
whatever you say, i won』t believe you. (whatever 引導讓步狀語句）=no matter what
無論你說什麼，我都不會相信你。
i'll eat whatever you give me. (whatever引導賓語從句）≠no matter what
你給我吃什麼，我就吃什麼。
whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever 引導主語從句) ≠no matter who
不管誰來都受到歡迎。
no matter what you do，don』t touch this switch．
無論怎樣，都別碰這個按鈕。
whatever you do，don』t tell him that i told you this．
無論如何，別跟他說這件事是我告訴你的。
whatever/no matter what you say, i won' t believe you.
no matter what you say, i don' t care.
no matter who you are, you must obey the rules of our school.
however hard he tried, he failed again.
no matter what the weather is like, you can always find surfers out riding the w**es.
2. although和though都表示「雖然」
區別如下:
1) 這兩個連詞意思大致相同，在一般情況下可以互換使用。
在口語中，though較常使用，
although比though正式，二者都可與yet, still或never，the less連用，但不能與but連用。
although/though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working.
雖然他已經精疲力竭了，但仍然繼續工作。
although/though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他雖然年紀大了，身體還很健壯。
although/though they are poor, they often help others.
=they are poor, but they often help others.
although he has failed many times, he doesn' t give up trying.。
although／though you don』t like him you can still be polite．
儘管／即使你不喜歡他，你仍可有禮貌一些
3. even if, even though 表示「即使……」，「縱使……」之意
這兩個復合連詞的意思基本相同。它們常互換使用，但意義有細微差別。
even if引導的讓步從句含有強烈的假定性，
even though引導讓步狀語從句時，是以從句的內容為先決條件的，即說話人肯定了從句的事實。
even if he is poor, she loves him. (=he may be poor, yet she loves him.)
即使他很窮，但她還是愛他。
even though he is poor, she loves him. (=he is poor, yet she loves him.)
儘管他很窮，但她還是愛她。
we』ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.
即使天氣不好，我們也要作一次旅行。
4. however+ adj. / adv + 主語+ 其他…
however rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more money．
無論人們多麼富有，他們似乎總還渴望賺到更多的錢。
however carefully you drive，you will probably h**e an accident eventually．
無論你開車多小心，最後你大概還會出車禍。
5. while
「雖然，儘管」之意，同although，此時從句的主語和主句的主語往往為同一人或物，但一般要位於句首.
while i like the color, i don't like the shape.我雖然喜歡那顏色，但不喜歡那形狀。
while forbidden fruit is said to taste sweeter, it usually spoils faster.
雖然有人說禁果的味道更甜，但它腐爛的也更快。
while the work was difficult, it was interesting.
雖然工作有難度，但很有趣。
while i understand what you say, i can』t agree with you.
雖然我理解你的意思，但我還是不同意.
6. as, though
as作「雖然」解，as引導的讓步狀語從句必須以部分倒裝的形式出現，被倒裝的部分可以是表語、狀語(即將形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）though也可用於這樣的結構中，但although不可以這樣用。例如：
1)作表語的名詞
child as he is, he knows a lot.
boy as he was, he beh**ed like a girl. 他雖是個男孩，但舉止卻像個女孩。
句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
child as/though he is, he know a lot. 雖然他是個孩子，但他懂很多。
2)作表語的形容詞提前
young as he is , he knows a lot.
tired as i was, i tried to help them. 雖然我很累，我還是努力幫助他們。
3)動詞原形提前
若提前的是動詞原形(多為不及物動詞)，與之連用的通常是may, might, will, would等，且這些詞都要保留在原來的位置上(主語後)；
search as they would, they would find nobody in the house.
無論怎樣搜查，他們在房子裡仍然沒有找到乙個人。
try as he would, he couldn』t open the door. 他試過多次了, 卻仍打不開那門。
object as you may, i』ll go.(=though/although you may object, i』ll go.)
縱使你反對，我也要去。
4)狀語提前
hard as (though) they tried, they couldn』t make her change her mind.
儘管他們做了很大努力，卻沒法讓她改變主意
hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress.
(=though he works hard, he makes little progress.)儘管他學習很努力，但幾乎沒取得什麼進步。
fast as you read, you can』t finish the book so soon.
縱然你讀得快，你也不能這麼快讀完這本書。
7. whether…or not… 無論是···或是···
由這乙個復合連詞引導的讓步狀語從句旨在說明正反兩方面的可能性都不會影響主句的意向或結果。
whether or not they win this battle, they won't win the war.
不管他們是否能贏得這次戰役，他們絕不會贏得這場戰爭.
whether it rains or not, i shall go out for an outing tomorrow.
whether you believe it or not, it's true.
無論你是否相信，這都是真的。
you'll h**e to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
不管你忙不忙，都要參加這個典禮。
注意：以上例句中whether 作「無論」解，用現在時表將來。
you'll h**e to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
但當whether作「是否」解時則不能用現在時表將來。
can you tell me whether it will rain or not tomorrow? (是否)
讓步狀從的練習：
1 the lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ____the season.
a whatever b wherever c whenever d however
2 many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ____they knew it to be valuable.
a as if b now that c even though d so that
3 ____i really don't like art, i find his work impressive.
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