grammar
6 – 7
determiners
1. generic類指 and specific reference特指
where do articles come from?
one---a, an (按其發音為準); the---that, this, these, those
give the names of each determiner:
what does this word mean?
i bought a house whose window faces south.
john』s brother g**e my sister a lot of records, some tapes, three song books and a cd player.
this is the second time for him to do so.
their house is about three times the size of ours. 他們的房子大約是我們房子的三倍。
1. classification of determiners:
1) articles : a, an, the,
2) possessive determiner (adj.) : my, mine
3) genitive noun 名詞屬格: john』s, my father』s
4) demonstrative determiner 指示: this, these, such
5) relative determiner 關係： whose, which
6) interrogative determiner 疑問:what, which
7) indefinite determiner 不定: no, each, either, neither, some, any, all, half, many, a few, a little, enough, another
8) cardinal and ordinal numeral : 66, the second
9) multiplicative倍數詞 and fractional numeral分數: three times, twice, 2/3
10) quantifier 量詞 : a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large number of
2. collocations between determiners and nouns
1) with singular n-sin. only: 與名詞單數搭配
there are trees on each side of the street.
because of typhoon neither shipment will arrive this week.
neither statement is true. (are -- informal)
but: neither of the books is of any use to me.
(each / neither / many a / such a) + (n-sin.)
2) with both n-sin. / n-pl: 與單數 / 複數搭配
the first immigrants from three gorges arrived yesterday.
(the first, the second, the last, the next)
the second quiz is in october.
(the first) + n-pl, (the second) + n-sin
3. word order p90--92
order—『pre-determiner + central determiner + post-determiner』: the order of the three determiners
『前位-中位-后位限定詞』的順序
a) pre-determiners: all, both, 2, 2/3, such (a), etc.
he has such a funny character. such beautiful flowers
note: only such a is pre-determiner.
b) central determiners: articles, demonstrative, possessive; genitive:
a, the, this, my, mary』s, some, either, neither, etc.
c) post-determiners: two, first, many, last, a lot of, such, etc.
all the first immigrates can live in new houses.
a b c
one-third that meat is bad.
a b
his many friends usually speak highly of him.
b c
note: when such is used with 「some, any, no, all, few, one, another, one such」, such should be used as post-determine. we can』t say 「some of such …..
」; while 「some such」 is ok.
a single parent, one of many such people in the neighborhood.單親，這地區附近有許多這樣的人
i want some such books.
there is no such book. (none of such books x ) / there is no such a book (informal)
all such books should be burned up.
h**e you ever met any such man?
every such person is good for the community.
i need 3 such novels.
few (many) such dogs are no sale.
4. both/all, either/neither, neither/none
全部 both all
全無 neither none: things
no one: people
任一 either any
5. each, every
each, every這兩個詞都有「每個」的意義。
each強調各別、各個，而every 強調全部、都
he g**e each boy an apple. 他給每個孩子乙個蘋果。
from each according to his ability, to each according to his work. 各盡所能，按勞分配。
the sun shines every day. 每天都是陽光燦爛。
he is only forty-one years old, and he has already been to nearly every country.
他只有41歲，而他已經幾乎到過一切國家。
6. such
1) such 修飾單數名詞時，置不定冠詞前。
修飾複數名詞時，置名詞前。
he『ssuchaman. 他就是這麼乙個人。
i h**e been involved in many such courses.
我參加過許多種這樣的課程。
2) 若名詞前有 one，no，any，some，all,many 等，such 則置該詞後。
every such possibility 每乙個這樣的可能性
any such plan 任何這樣的計畫
thereisnosuchthing. 沒有這麼一回事。
3) such 位於句首，須倒裝。
suchismyhopeforthefuture.
我對未來的希望就是這樣。
suchwerethefacts. 事實就是這樣。
4) 在such…that…/ such…as…的區別
-- such…..that: 用在從句不缺少句子成分時，表示「如此…以至於」；
hehadsuchlongarmsthathecouldalmost
touchtheceiling.（從句完整）
他的胳臂很長，(以至於)幾乎能碰到天花板。
-- such…..as: 用在從句缺少句子成分時，表示「像…一樣」。
sheissuchagoodteacherjustasweexpect.
（從句缺賓語)正如我們所料，她是一位好老師。
5) suchas / assuch的區別：
-- such as: 「例如，像」
ilikedrinkssuchasteaandsoda. 我喜歡諸如茶和汽水之類的飲料。
-- as such: 「作為乙個，本身」
wealth,assuchdoesn'tmattermuch.