高考英語句子成分結構分析

2022-12-10 21:18:10 字數 5007 閱讀 3917

英語的句子成分主要有六種:即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。(可以熟記為:

主謂賓,定狀補)除了這六種主要成分之外,還有「表語」和「同位語」的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作謂語,因此劃分成分時,劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語,屬於主語或賓語的一部分。

一、 劃分句子成分時的常用符號

英語中劃分句子成分的符號

主語在下面畫直線

謂語在下面畫曲線

賓語在下面畫雙橫線

定語在下面畫虛線(一行點使我們想到一排釘子,「釘」諧音為「定語」的「定」)

狀語下面為短橫線 (短橫線使我們想到短木樁,木樁撞(狀)鐘)

補語上一短橫,下一短橫(下一短橫好像是為了彌補上面短橫間的空隙)

同位語上下雙曲線(都有曲折,上下位置基本相同)

1. 主語

主語是乙個句子所敘述的主體,一般位於句首,通常由名詞性的詞來充當。

可以作主語的詞性或語法結構:

1. 名詞 2. 代詞 3. 數詞4. 不定式 5. 動名詞 6. 主語從句等表示。

7. 名詞化的形容詞(如the rich)

在英語中,形容詞、副詞和介詞短語是不能作主語的。如果它們在句首時,句子可能是倒裝句,真正的主語在後面。

on the desk are some books. (主語是books,所以用are)

down jumps the boy. (主語是the boy,所以用jumps )

gone are the days. (主語是the days,所以用are)

練習: 在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線,並說出由什麼充當。

1. during the 1990s, american country music has become more and more popular.

2. we often speak english in class.

3. one-third of the students in this class are girls.

4. to swim in the river is a great pleasure.

5. smoking does harm to the health.

6. the rich should help the poor.

7. when we are going to h**e english test has not been decided.

8. it is necessary to master a foreign language.

9. that he isn』t at home is not true.

10. there comes the bus.

11. beyond the village lies a small village.

12. now comes your turn.

2. 謂語

謂語由動詞充當,說明主語所做的動作或具有的特徵和狀態。謂語的構成如下:

a. 簡單謂語:由乙個動詞或動詞短語構成。如:

he practices running every morning.

he reads news*****s every day.

b. 復合謂語:

1) 由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞構成。如:

you may keep the book for two weeks.

he has caught a bad cold.

my sister is crying over there.

i h**e been waiting for you all the time.

i would stay at home all day.

has he come back?

he didn』t attend the meeting yesterday.

2) 由系動詞加表語構成。系動詞不能單獨作謂語,要和表語一起作謂語。如:

we are students.

your idea sounds great.

3. 表語

表語多是形容詞,用以說明主語的身份、特徵和狀態,它一般位於系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之後。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。

練習:畫出下列句中的表語,並說明由什麼充當。

1. our teacher of english is an american.

2. is it yours?

3. the weather has turned cold.

4. the speech is exciting.

5. three times seven is twenty-one.

6. his job is to teach english.

7. his hobby(愛好)is playing football.

8. the machine must be under repairs.

9. the truth is that he has never been abroad.

4. 賓語

賓語由名詞性的詞充當,表示動作的物件或承受者,一般位於及物動詞和介詞後面。

賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語。

練習: 畫出下列句中的賓語, 並說明由什麼充當。

1. they planted many trees yesterday.

2. (how many dictionaries do you h**e?) i h**e five.

3. they helped the old with their housework yesterday.

4. i wanted to buy a car.

5. i enjoy listening to popular music.

5. i think(that)he is fit for his office.

5. 賓語補足語

賓語補足語和賓語構成邏輯上的主謂關係。換句話說,在意思上,賓語相當於賓補的主語。

帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如make等)+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。

練習: 用下劃線畫出下列句中的賓語補足語,並指出是什麼詞充當,同時體會賓補和賓語之間的邏輯關係。

his father named him dongming.

they painted their boat white.

let the fresh air in.

you mustn』t force him to lend his money to you.

we saw her entering the room.

we found everything in the lab in good order.

we will soon make our city what your city is now.

i want your homework done on time.

6. 主補

對主語的補充。含有賓語補足語的句子在變成被動語態,賓語作主語時,原來的賓補就成了主語補足語。

he was elected monitor.

she was found singing in the next room.

he was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

7. 定語

定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用「……的」表示。定語通常位於被修飾的成分前。

在英語中,許多情況下,定語是放在所修飾詞後面的,這點與漢語習慣不同,也是許多同學不能讀懂長句的主要原因。定語後置常見的有以下幾種情況:

a. 副詞用作定語一般要後置。

people there are very friendly. (那兒的人們)

he didn』t like the man downstairs. (樓下的那個人)

b. 形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之後。

單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前,而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之後。

the next man is a scientist.

the man next to me is a scientist.(我旁邊的那個人)

c. 介詞短語作定語時要後置。

the boy under the tree is tom.(樹下的那個男孩)

the tallest boy in our class is john.(我們班最高的那個男孩)

d. 現在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式作定語常後置。

i h**e something to say. (直譯:我有要說的話)

the boy crying over there is my classmate.

(在那邊哭的那個男孩)

the house built last year is impressive.

(去年建的那座房子)

練習: 口頭翻譯下列句子,用下劃線標出定語部分,留意定語的位置,並說明定語是由什麼詞性或結構充當。

1. the letter on the desk is for mr. wu.

2. the woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.

3. we need a place twice larger than this one.

4. she carried a basket full of eggs.

5. it』s a book worth no more than one dollar.

6. it』s a city far from the coast.

7. he has money enough to buy a car.

8. the man downstairs was trying to sleep.

9. there are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.

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