2023年公共英語講義 語法講解

2022-10-17 09:12:02 字數 4448 閱讀 5032

一、虛擬語氣

高頻考點:

(1)口訣1:常規虛擬句,看「時態、時狀」

時間if條件句中謂語形式主句中謂語形式將來(常考)were to +動詞原形(最常考),

should +動詞原形,

動詞過去式 (be用were)would / could / might / should + 動詞原形過去(常考)had +動詞過去分詞would / could / might / should + h**e + 動詞過去分詞現在動詞過去式 (be用were) would / could / might / should + 動詞原形試題規律:① 條件句中were、should、had、could等詞放到句首時,if通常省略,主語與上述詞替換位置,採用倒裝句式。

② 注意對現在、將來的假設,形式上(主句、從句)的共同點;特別提示,若句中無相關時間狀語,看不出是對現在抑或將來假設,而主句中為would + 動詞原型,從句中時態往往為一般過去時。

③ 主句對過去假設,選項中若出現would / should / might / could + h**e + 動詞過去分詞中的兩個以上,則要根據句意選擇。特別提示,往往would選的最多,should選的最少。

④ 條件句用「should+動詞原形」 時,主句謂語可用「should (would, could, might)+動原」,有時也可用陳述或祈使語氣。例:

if i should see him, i』ll tell him.

should you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.

⑤ 句**現right now,right away(馬上,立刻),表示虛擬將來,條件句的時態選:were to do;for the time being(目前,暫時),虛擬現在,條件句的時態選:一般過去時。

⑥ 虛擬常常結合被動語態考。

(2)口訣2:識別 「標誌詞」,關係定語態

① 標誌詞:建議(suggest, propose, advise)、請求/要求(ask, demand, require, request)、提議(recommend, move, maintain)、命令(order, command, direct, instruct, decree, rule)、驚異(strange, surprising, amazing)、渴望/喜好(admirable, desirable, preference, prefer, keen, anxious)、惋惜(a pity, a shame)、理應如此(important, necessary, vital, essential, proper, obligatory, advisable, compulsory, imperative, urgent, natural, appropriate, preferable)、堅決主張(insist)、是非(good, better, best, right, wrong)、決心(determine, resolution)、懇求/強烈要求(plead, urge, beg, entreat)、intend、arrange等。

② 只要有上述含義的詞出現,(其中最常考口訣3:1堅持,2命令,3建議,4要求)不管詞性(名詞、動詞、形容詞、分詞)如何,不管屬於什麼從句(主從、賓從、表從、同位從),從句中均用虛擬語氣,結構為:

上述詞 + that… (should) (not) +動詞原形, 或上述詞 + that… (should) (not) + be done,其中常考第二種,即虛擬結合被動語態。注意:若關鍵詞為a pity, a shame或strange,從句中should 不能省略;其餘關鍵詞出現,通常省略should。

(3)口訣4:for fear that(生怕,以免), lest(唯恐)和in case(萬一),虛擬、陳述兩皆可:「…lest (in case, for fear that) + 主語 + should + 動原」。

for fear that、lest 後「should」可省,in

case 後「should」不能省。

(4)其他

a. wish後賓語從句,常用虛擬。

從句所發生的時間虛擬語氣結構過去 had + 過去分詞;

或could + h**e +過去分詞現在過去時(be 用were ) ;

或過去進行時(were doing)將來would / could / might / should +動詞原形b. as if, as though 引導的狀語從句常用虛擬,注意①:僅as if / as though後虛擬,主句不虛擬;注意②:

主句中若有繫動詞look, sound, seem等,as if後通常也不虛擬。「if only」 後用虛擬:「但願」,「要是……就好了」。

兩者虛擬結構均同wish後的賓語從句。

c. 表示「寧願」would rather, had rather, would sooner, would just as soon,would prefer後

所發生的時間從句虛擬結構過去had + 過去分詞現在過去時(be 用were )將來(常考)過去時(be 用were ) 試題規律:would rather等後無時間狀語,答案常選一般過去時。

d. it is (high / about) time that + 主語+ 動詞的過去式(多用)(常考) 或 should(should不可省) + 動詞原形。(寫作中注意使用)

e. 介詞(短語)+ 虛擬;或者連詞+ 虛擬:without,but for,in the absence of或were it not for,in case of, under…circumstances,but that(若非),or, or else, otherwise。

f. even if, even though主、從句動詞虛擬形式和三常規句一致;主、從句也可均不虛擬。

g. 特殊句型:whether… or …

whether he be rich or poor(= be he rich or poor), i will marry him.

h. 混合時間虛擬語氣。口訣5:混合時間虛擬句,主、從時態各自定,關鍵依然看時狀。

① 從句的動作與過去事實不符,主句的動作與現在或現在正在發生的事實不符。

if it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.

if i had worked harder at school, i would be sitting in a comfortable office now.

② 從句與現在事實不符,主句與過去事實不符。

if she were not so careless, she would not h**e made such a mistake.

i. 注意一半虛擬,另一半不虛擬(事實無須虛擬)的情況:

i had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone called and i couldn』t get away.

典型考題

① i had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone and i couldn』t get away.

a. calledb. had called

c. would calld. would h**e called

② 「mary looks hot and dry.」 「so you if you had a high fever.」

a. dob. are

b. c. willd. would

③ it is recommended that the project until all the preparations h**e been made.

a. is not startedb. will not be started

c. not be startedd. is not to be started

④ he didn』t go to the party, but he does wish he there.

a. would beb. has been

c. would h**e beend. had been

⑤ to be frank, i』d rather you in the case.

a. will not be involvedb. not involved

c. not to be involvedd. were not involved

⑥ if only the committee the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.

a. approveb. will approve

c. can approved. would approve

⑦ if you movie that late last night, you wouldn』t be so sleepy.

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