四級語法講義

2022-12-11 00:57:02 字數 4391 閱讀 3225

一:時態:所謂的"時態",就是時間+狀態。謂語動詞的時態見下表:

1.主動形式

2.被動形式

cet-4 常考的三種時態:過去完成時;將來完成時;(現在/過去)完成進行時。

時間狀語從句當中的時態:

一般過去時所有的過去

用一般現在時表示現在和將來

現在完成時現在完成和將來完成

一.非謂語動詞

一.不定式:

一)不定式的常考形式:

1) 一般形式:he decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

被動形式: he preferred to be assigned some he**ier work to do.

語法功能: 表示與謂語動詞同步發生

2) 完成形式:he pretended not to h**e seen me.

被動形式:the book is said to h**e been translated into many languages.

語法功能:表示發生在謂語動詞之前

二)不定式常考的考點:

1)不定式做定語----將要發生

2)不定式做狀語----目的

3)不定式充當名詞功能---to see is to believe.

三)不定式的省略

1)感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do  表示動作的完整性,真實性;

+ doing 表示動作的連續性,進行性

i saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看見他在花園裡幹活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)

i saw him working in the garden yesterday.

昨天我見他正在花園裡幹活。(強調"我見他正幹活"這個動作)

感官動詞後面接形容詞而不是副詞:the cake tastes good; it feels comfortable.

2) 使役動詞 h**e bid make let 等詞後不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動以後要還原to

i 『d like to h**e john do it.

i h**e my package weighed.

paul doesn』t h**e to be made to learn.

3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

四)有些動詞後只跟不定式如:

want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

五) 有的時候to後面要接-ing形式

accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

三、need/want 後的-ing形式具有被動的意思。其中,want不太常用。

he needs (a lot of) encouraging.

二. 動名詞: 具有動作性特徵的名詞

1)是名詞 seeing is believing

2)具有動詞性特徵可以帶賓語 starving troops is necessary.

一)動名詞的形式:

一般形式:i don't like you smoking.

完成形式:i regret not h**ing taken your advice.

被動形式:this question is far from being settled.

二) 動名詞常考的點

1)動名詞做主語謂語動詞為單數

2)在動名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語是動名詞

3)動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語.

i would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.

a.you to call b.you call c.you calling d.you're calling(key:c your calling 也對)

i regret not h**ing taken your advice.

4)有些詞後只能接動名詞

admit; appreciate; **oid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...

另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法:

it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...

5有些詞後加不定式和動名詞均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean後面用不定式和-ing形式,意義截然不容。

i remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的動作)

i remembered posting/h**ing posting the letters (我記得這個動作)

forgot與remember的用法類似。

i regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…

i regretted h**ing left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。

try to 努力 you really must try to overcome your shyness.

try –ing 試驗 try practicing five hours a day.

i mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去,但我父親不讓我去。

to raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈加工資意味著增加購買力。

prefer的用法:

我寧願在這裡等。

i prefer to wait here. (所以啊,你不介意的話,我就等下去。)

i prefer waiting here.(我正在這裡等,我就喜歡這麼做。)

i prefer swimming to cycling. (這個句子裡面就不能用不定式了。)

3 分詞:

現在分詞主動進行,過去分詞被動狀態

現在分詞的形式:

1)一般式: do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (與謂語動詞同步發生)

2)完成形式:not h**ing made adequate preparations, they failed. (發生謂語動詞之前)

3)完成被動形式:h**ing been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發生謂語動詞之前且表示被動)

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