句子成分和句子結構

2022-12-10 11:33:06 字數 4602 閱讀 5003

句子成分

主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和插入語。

主語:表示句子說的是什麼人或什麼事.

是乙個句子所敘述的主體,一般位於句首。但在there be結構、疑問句(當主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位於謂語、助動詞或情態動詞後面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。

例如:the 1990s, american country music has become more and more popular. 名詞

often speak english in class. 代詞

of the students in this class are girls.數詞

swim in the river is a great pleasure.不定式

does harm to the health. 動名詞

rich should help the poor. 名詞化的形容詞

we are going to h**e an english test has not been decided.主語從句

is necessary to master a foreign 作形式主語,真正的主語為後面的不定式

謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特徵和狀態。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之後。謂語的構成如下:

1、簡單謂語:由乙個動詞或動詞短語構成。如:

he practices running every morning.

2、復合謂語:

(1)由情態動詞加動詞原形構成。如:

you may keep the book for two weeks

(2)由助動詞加動詞原形,現在分詞,過去分詞構成。如:

do you speak english?

they are working in a field.

he has caught a bad cold.

(3)由系動詞加表語構成。如:

we are students.

表語說明主語的性質、特徵、狀態與身份,它一般位於系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之後。一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數詞、 副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如:

teacher of english is an american.(名詞)

it yours?(代詞)

weather has turned cold.(形容詞)

speech is exciting.(分詞)

times seven is twenty one?(數詞)

job is to teach english.(不定式)

hobby is playing football.(動名詞)

meeting is of great importance.(介詞短語)

is up. the class is over.(副詞)

truth is that he has never been abroad.(表語從句)

注意:系動詞(linking verb)用於連線主語和表語,說明主語的狀態,性質特徵和身份等。

1)狀態系動詞用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:

he is a teacher.

2)持續系動詞用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

he always kept silent at meeting.

3)表像系動詞用來表示「看起來像」這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:

he seems (to be) very sad.

4)感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

this kind of cloth feels very soft.

5)變化系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:

the river was beginning to run dry.

6)終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, turn out, 表達"結果是;證明是 ",之意,例如:

the rumor proved false.

his plan turned out a success.

賓語表示動作的物件或承愛者,一般位於及物動詞和介詞後面。例如:

is doing his homework.名詞

he**y rain prevented me from coming to school on time.代詞、動名詞

many dictionaries do you h**e? i h**e five.名詞、數詞

helped the old with their housework yesterday.名詞化形容詞,名詞

pretended not to see me.不定式短語

enjoy listening to popular music.動名詞短語

think(that)he is fit for his office.賓語從句

賓語種類:

(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),

例如:lend me your dictionary, please.

to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等,例如:

he sent the novel to william yesterday.

for: le**e, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, s**e等,例如:

she bought a gift for her mother.

(2)復合賓語(賓語+賓補),例如:

they elected him their monitor.

賓語補足語用於補充說明賓語的動作,一般位於賓語之後,賓語與賓語補足語一起構成復合賓語。「賓補」一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如:

father named him xiaoming.名詞

painted their boat white.形容詞

the fresh air in.副詞

mustn』t force him to lend his money to you不定式短語

saw her entering the room.現在分詞

found everything in the lab in good order.介詞短語

will soon make our city what your city is now.從句

定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。

定語可由以下等成分表示:

is a beautiful city.(形容詞)

is a developing country; america is a developed country.(分詞)

are thirty women teachers in our school.(名詞)

rapid progress in english made us surprised.(代詞)

monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語)

teaching plan for next term has been worked out.動名

is reading an article about how to learn english.

(介詞短語)

8. she is the girl who sings best in my class. (定語從句)

狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態特徵的句子成分,叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示 :

tr**els most quickly.副詞及副詞性片語

has lived in the city for ten years. 介詞短語

is proud to h**e passed the national college entrance examination.不定式短語

is in the room ****** a model plane.分詞短語

a minute.名詞

you begin, you must continue.狀語從句

同位語對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋,通常由名詞、數詞、代詞或從句擔任,如:

this is mr. zhou, our headmaster.

插入語對一句話做一些附加的解釋,通常有to be honest , i think (suppose, believe---)等,如:

to be frank, i don』t quite agree with you.

句子結構

主語+謂語動詞大多是不及物動詞,常見的動詞如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。eg:

1) li ming works very hard.李明學習很努力。

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